At present, hospitals in China have entered a new upsurge of construction and expansion. How to build a modern hospital building that meets the requirements of "functionalization, ecology, humanization, intellectualization and artistry" has become a topic of common concern for all kinds of hospitals at all levels. The understanding of this issue is that different people have different opinions and wise people have different opinions. Combining with the practice of the construction of the comprehensive building of the outpatient ward ward ward in our hospital, this paper puts forward some superficial views.
I. Architectural Design Concept
Ideas are values and beliefs that guide people's thinking and behavior. What kind of design concept, there will be what kind of architectural works. To build modern hospital buildings, we must have modern hospital design concept as guidance. Through the practice of our hospital construction, I think that the modern hospital architectural design concept should mainly contain three aspects: people-oriented, sustainable development and energy saving and environmental protection.
1. People-oriented. Hospital is one of the most user-friendly public facilities in architectural design. In medical places, human life, old age, sickness, death and emotional joys and sorrows occur here. Therefore, hospital architectural design should be considered not only from the perspective of biomedicine, but also from the psychological and sociological levels. First, hospital buildings should meet the "humanized" needs of patients. Hospital building is not only a place for treating diseases, but also a convenient, comfortable, warm and beautiful environment for patients to eliminate or alleviate patients'tension and anxiety and promote their recovery. Why were most hospital buildings unreasonable in the past? The fundamental reason is that it is not designed and considered from the patient's point of view, but from the work's point of view, it is "building for medical treatment", not "building for patients". Secondly, hospital buildings should provide a "humanized" working environment for employees. For example, the setting and layout of medical and nursing offices and duty rooms should be reasonable. Potted flowers and background music can be arranged in the workplace. A pleasant working environment can stimulate the enthusiasm and efficiency of employees to a large extent, and also reflects the hospital's respect and sympathy for these high-strength workers. Thirdly, under realistic conditions, we should give due consideration to the needs of accompanying people. People-oriented concept is the most core concept in modern hospital architectural design. With the change of medical model and people's attention to the value of healthy life, this concept will become more and more prominent.
2. Sustainable development. Hospital construction has a certain periodicity, so it is impossible to change from day to day. Therefore, modern hospital building should have sustainable development. One is the architectural layout. In a specific plot, hospital construction must have a general plan. Any building must be an integral part of the overall plan. In order to prepare enough space and space for future development, it is absolutely impossible to insert needles in a short time. The second is the overall design. For example, building column network, storey height, comprehensive wiring, etc., should be forward-looking. Especially for integrated wiring, with the rapid development of information technology, the update speed is faster and faster, so we should leave enough imagination space at the beginning of wiring. In this way, in a fairly long period of time, it can meet the needs of hospital development and avoid the waste of repeated demolition and construction. Third, the choice of building materials. Especially some concealed, difficult to replace or play a crucial role in building safety materials, to choose the best quality, durable products. For example, all the pipes in our new building are copper pipes with the highest quality and high price, so that they can be replaced for 50 years. The latest imported smoke automatic sprinkler system from the United States was the second building in China to use this product at that time.

3. Energy saving and environmental protection. In today's environment-friendly environment, modern hospital design should emphasize not only the traditional environmental protection requirements for "three wastes" (wastewater, waste gas, waste), but also the green building design rules: ecological environmental protection, energy conservation. To achieve this goal, the first is resource sharing. Modern hospital buildings should be able to maximize their effectiveness, and the full play of their effectiveness is to make every effort to achieve resource sharing. Therefore, when designing common parts such as inspection, imaging, functional examination and infusion treatment, general hospital buildings should consider outpatient, ward and emergency center as much as possible to avoid duplication of settings and reduce investment costs and operating costs. Secondly, we should actively use natural energy, natural lighting, natural ventilation and cooling, and reduce the dependence on air conditioning system. Select environmental protection products to meet the standards and create a green building environment. The third is to set up streamlines reasonably. Including the choice of traffic core, elevator, escalator, pedestrian elevator settings, etc. Regardless of the flow of people and logistics, we should try our best to achieve the shortest process to reduce energy consumption. In addition, people flow and logistics can be replaced by information flow.

II. Overall Layout Design
There are three main types of hospital overall layout: centralized, decentralized and combined, each with its advantages and disadvantages. Modern hospital buildings mostly adopt combined layout, because it combines the advantages of short, convenient and fast centralized process and easy management and control. Horizontal layout of outpatient, emergency, medical technology and reserved development space, vertical layout of inpatient wards, while integrating horizontal and vertical medical resources to achieve resource sharing.
1. Functional partition. Composite hospital buildings should not only have clear functional zones, but also be organically linked to form a whole. Generally speaking, it can be divided into four sub-areas: outpatient service (including medical technology), ward, physical examination and supply. Outpatient service can also be divided into three sub-areas: adult outpatient service, children outpatient service and emergency center. Each district and sub-district has complete functions and relatively independent, but they are closely related and integrated with each other. In the daytime, all of them are open; in the evening, emergency centers and wards are opened separately. It not only saves energy, but also facilitates management. For example, in the reconstruction and expansion of our hospital, we have adopted a combination of architectural layout, innovatively applied the modern design mode of the main street of the hospital, and merged all the districts together to form an integrated outpatient ward ward ward complex building, so that patients can complete all the diagnosis and treatment processes without leaving the building.
2. Departments layout. Reasonable Department layout can not only shorten the process, but also help to improve medical quality and ensure medical safety. First, we should fully consider the working relationship and traffic relationship between various departments, and optimize the combination. For example, electrocardiogram room, electroencephalogram room, endoscopy room and so on should be located in the vicinity of internal medicine clinic, outpatient operating room should be located in the vicinity of surgery and five-organ clinic. The medical and surgical wards of the same professional system should be located on the same floor in order to facilitate the comprehensive treatment of patients. Second, try to "integrate" settings to achieve resource sharing. For example, our hospital integrates outpatient infusion area and emergency infusion area for 24 hours; integrates outpatient laboratory and emergency laboratory, a set of equipment, a team of people and horses, two-way door opening; integrates anesthesia recovery room and ICU, and sends general anesthesia patients to ICU monitoring immediately after operation; and centralizes imaging examination center in 2. On the first floor, adult clinics, children clinics and emergency centers are taken into account. Inpatients can also take the elevator directly.
3. Streamline design. Modern hospital buildings are mainly composed of several streamlines, such as human flow, logistics, vehicle flow and information flow. Flow design is based on the principle of convenience, simplicity and diversion. For example, our hospital has set up registration, fee collection and drug collection windows at all levels of outpatient service, which play a diversifying role while facilitating patients. In order to reduce energy consumption, logistics should divert pollution and consider horizontal streamline as far as possible. For example, our hospital will set up pathology, blood transfusion department and surgical department on the same floor, and adjacent to the location. Stereo streamline can be considered in medicine, dressing, etc. For example, our hospital has set up the drug storehouse, three outpatient pharmacies and inpatient pharmacies on the same vertical belt, and set up a special elevator in the interior, so that the drugs can be directly and quickly transported to the pharmacy. Traffic flow should be connected with the main road at all entrances and exits and form a loop. Information flow should be the shortest streamline between information center and each terminal.
III. Internal Unit Design
Modern architectural concepts need to be expressed by design. The people-oriented architectural concept is embodied in the design of "humanized architectural design". Public space, outpatient clinics and ward wards should be independent and humanized units. Many innovative designs of our hospital's new outpatient ward ward complex have interpreted the concept of "humanized" service.
1. Public space design. The public space should be open or semi-open. It should be spacious, bright and high enough to make the patients feel comfortable and depressed. For example, the outpatient Hall of our hospital is 36 meters long, 35 meters wide and 4.3 meters high, with a three-storey Hall of 15 meters high and 112 square meters in the middle. The main corridor and branch corridor of the outpatient department are 4 meters wide and 3.5 meters wide respectively, which makes people feel open and bright. The ground is made of Yashi white marble, which gives people a feeling of cleanliness, brightness and elegance. A five-storey hall with an area of 200 square meters was designed in the emergency center, which not only solved the problem of lighting, but also provided a public space for patients. The surgical ward was designed as three units side by side in the shape of "day". Two air courtyards were designed between the three units. Each area was 828 square meters, which not only solved the lighting and ventilation problems of the ward, but also provided a comfortable space for the inpatients.
2. Design of the clinic. At present, the design of outpatient clinic uses two modes: single corridor and double corridor, which occupies less space, but patients are easy to concentrate on the door of the clinic, and it is not easy to manage. The double corridor type can adopt the hall-corridor two-time waiting mode, which can not only effectively protect the privacy of patients, but also be easy to control and manage. The design of the clinic should be one doctor, one patient and one room, and the curtain should be set around the examination bed. The waiting area should be designed as open or semi-open to alleviate depression and avoid irritability. The design of children's clinic area and clinic should be suitable for children's characteristics. For example, our hospital has set up semi-open waiting areas at both ends of each clinic area and the area connected with the public corridor, and equipped with electronic display screens, television and so on. The doors and windows of the pediatric clinic are all designed to be compact and delicate. The waiting seats are also low. The ceiling of the clinic is covered with white clouds. The floor and walls are all kinds of cute cartoon pictures, just like a kingdom of children. The children were treated here without fear at all.
3. Ward design. At present, single corridor, double corridor or circle are usually used in the design of inpatient wards. Single corridor design is easier to solve the natural lighting and ventilation problems, but the nursing route is longer; double corridor design is simple, but some darkrooms can not be natural lighting. The specific design should be determined according to the terrain and building combination. All the wards in our hospital adopt the single corridor design. Attention should be paid to the treatment of details in the interior design of the ward. One is the bay. The recommended interval of "General Hospital Construction Standard" is 7.5 meters, but from the actual situation, it is difficult to adapt to the development of hospitals and the needs of patients. The design of our hospital is 7.8 meters in the first phase and 8.2 meters in the second phase, so that the beds can enter and leave the wards freely and practically. The second is the bathroom. Inside and outside the room have their own advantages and disadvantages. We adopted the way of putting it in the inside of the room. At the same time, we designed the inclined angle of the toilet into an arc, which improved the sight of the nurses. Third, the cabinet. We designed a wall cabinet at the entrance, and set up a multi-function cabinet at the side wall, with storage at the bottom and seatable at the top. Fourth, the roof track. We adopt the design of internal depression, which is beautiful and does not affect the use of the curtain. In addition, we also designed an original swing table for each room, which is very practical.
IV. Basic Decoration Equipment
Modern hospital buildings, not only reflected in the design, but also the basic decorative equipment can better reflect the modern design concept. For example, our hospital highlights the people-oriented concept in decoration and decoration, and the concept of energy saving and environmental protection in environmental construction and operation management.
1. Family decoration in ward. It is the core requirement of the humanistic concept to create a sense of "home" for patients and shorten the psychological distance from family to hospital. The interior decoration of our hospital building adopts beech wood which is commonly used by most families in China. The floor is imported warm PVC. Each room has color TV, telephone, closet and toilet. The toilet has washbasin, bench, armrest, infusion hook, special faucet and so on. The toilet of pediatric ward also has adult and special faucet. Children's dual-purpose toilet, patients hospitalized and at home as convenient. Each bed is surrounded by a hollowed-out curtain on the upper part, which creates a private space for the patients and does not feel suffocated. Inside the wards and corridors, wall-hanging sketches were designed, seasonal flowers were placed, fairy tales and fables were designed by pipeline wells in pediatric wards, and 24-hour central air conditioning and fresh air system made the patients feel like spring all the year round.
2. Ecologization of medical environment. Modern hospital buildings should be ecological buildings, that is, to create a healthy, harmonious and green ecological environment, so as to make it full of vitality. One is harmlessness. All building and decoration materials are environmentally friendly and harmless products. The disposal of sewage, harmful gases and medical waste should meet the requirements of the regulations. For example, the fresh air exhaust system of our institute adopts the direct-exhaust fresh air system of Daijin, Japan. The branch pipes of fresh air are equipped with electric closed air valves, which can be partitioned for air isolation under unusual circumstances. There is also a special multi-point toxic and harmful gas emission system. The equipment that produces harmful gases, such as specimen disposal room in pathology department and formalin disinfection cabinet in operation room, is monitored and managed by building automation system. Second, gardening. Increase the area of green space as much as possible, set up fountains, sculptures, rockeries, flower nurseries for patients to watch and walk, and create a natural environment with green scenery and interesting scenery. For example, our hospital has set up "Ruyi Garden" in the slope area of the square and built an elegant "amusement park" in the middle of the "mouth" shaped medical ward building.
3. Intelligent operation management. Intelligence is the most remarkable characteristic of modern hospital building which is different from the previous buildings. One is intelligent control. For example, the new building of our institute adopts the building automation system of DELTA Company of Canada, which integrates fresh air, water supply and drainage, oxygen production, negative pressure attraction, compressed air, entrance guard, fire control, monitoring, purifying air conditioning and lighting into the automation management. The start-up and shutdown of equipment, monitoring of operation status, fault alarm and real-time control are accurate and timely, which greatly saves manpower and material resources. The air conditioning system of "VRV" in Daijin, Japan is adopted, which has the advantages of separate frequency conversion, zonal control and economical operation. Second, network transmission. For example, the data network of the new building in our hospital not only has internal and external networks, but also preset wireless networks. It is equipped with closed-circuit television system, television camera security monitoring system, operating room teaching camera system, etc. It realizes the automation and high-speed of information collection, processing and transmission.
"Modernized" hospital building is a dynamic concept, each period has its own connotation. With the development of social economy and the improvement of medical technology and management level, as well as the development and update of medical equipment, its connotation will undergo profound changes. But the concept of people-oriented architecture is eternal. Only by adhering to this concept can we create modern hospital building products.
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